Lassi A. Liikkanen at the Allas Seapool Sauna in Helsinki, Finland. Photo credit Mari Laukkanen.
This article was written by Lassi A Liikkanen, PhD
Author of Saunologia.fi
A version of this article first appeared on Saunologia, as part V of Finnish Sauna Essentials article collection.
Lassi is releasing his newest book in English, called “Secrets of The Finnish Sauna Design” by Summer 2021!
Summary
Air quality is crucial to a good sauna experience. This article provides an overview of how that can be achieved with various ventilation solutions. There are still many details and options uncovered. In a perfect world an HVAC professional could be able to work out your sauna plan’s mechanical ventilation part, as long as they are aware of the special requirements of the Finnish sauna.
Cleanliness of the sauna room is also required to maintain the feeling of fresh air. If there are sources for bad smells, these will ruin attempts to save the air with good ventilation.
By
Lassi A Liikkanen, PhD
Sauna air quality: Ventilation is a necessary refresher of sauna air
Everyone knows that saunas have to be heated up properly. Opinions vary on whether you need 140 or 200°Fahrenheit (60 or 100°C) for a delightful sauna experience, but this is something in which it is easy not to solely rely on your instincts. Measurement of the sauna temperature is a normal practice and you can’t go very wrong with it. But it may come as a surprise that the temperature is only of half of the story when it comes to how you feel inside the sauna.
Air quality is invisible and usually becomes tangible only after a few minutes of exposure but is also critical to the sauna experience. If it’s not right, sauna bathers experience something a Finn would describe as “lack of oxygen”. That’s not quite correct, but a good metaphor for the feeling of being short of breath without any obvious reason, particularly at moderate temperatures.
Air quality is the most mysterious of the sauna experience elements. I believe air quality is affected by multiple factors. These include air temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide level, oxygen level, and possibly few others. These others may include ions, gases evaporating from sauna stones, treated or brand-new wooden surfaces, and those resulting from bacteria living on unclean surfaces and materials. The bacteria result in a bad smell, immediately recognizable upon entry – a definitive sign of a bad sauna!
When you don’t know better, keep it circulating
In the absence of a good understanding of what objectively speaking makes up a desirable air quality in a sauna, the common, pragmatic solution is to make sure the sauna air is kept fresh by continuous circulation of air. The same principle that is regularly applied to all living quarters.
For half a century, the Finnish standards have called for exchanging the air of a room 3 to 6 times an hour. The current official requirements are set in relation to the number of people using a space, but the old rule still gives a good idea of the volume of ventilation needed. Air must be exchanged frequently.
The conventional wisdom is that if you follow this recommendation in a sauna, you will experience fresh and pleasant air quality. However, achieving this is not that simple. If you only consider the volume of air that has to move through the inlets and outlets measured in kg or liters of air per second, you can create a catastrophic sauna climate. You must also achieve good mixing of fresh and used air to guarantee good air quality and enjoyable sauna experience.
Ventilation requirements and solutions for sauna
The sauna ventilation is by nature different from other types of ventilation systems. This is because of the unusual conditions of the sauna room: it is very hot and can get humid as well. This makes the air behave differently. And then there is löyly.
Steam (löyly) has its own nature and one principle thing is that we don’t want to let it get away too quickly. This means that we should avoid placing any major outlets in the top part of the sauna room, otherwise we’ll be losing some or all of the precious löyly.
Natural and mechanical ventilation are both useful solutions for sauna use. Natural ventilation has been used for ages and is well suitable for sauna cabins and dedicated sauna facilities. Mechanical ventilation is also broadly used in Finland, particularly when the sauna is located inside an apartment building, at gym, or elsewhere among quarters unrelated to sauna.
Natural ventilation
Gravity and the laws of physics can effortlessly solve many ventilation issues. Particularly with outdoor sauna cabins equipped with continuously burning wooden stove, natural ventilation is quite simple. This is because a wood-fired stove will in effect act as a “mechanical outlet” in its own. It consumes a huge amount of air (appr. 10 m3 for each 1 kg of dry firewood) in the burning process. This air is sucked out of the room in which the stove resides (or the fire is fed from). This alone will satisfy the volume of ventilation.
However, the air mixing condition is more difficult to satisfy. It is probably the biggest problem with natural ventilation when used with wood-burning stoves. With electric stoves, the natural ventilation is even more difficult and I would generally advise against using it. It can be done, for instance with simple cross-ventilation, in which the fresh air entry is below or next to the heater and the exhaust is diagonally on the opposite wall, high up. The result is not very good as temperature differences inside get worse, but some fresh air is guaranteed. This stack ventilation also wastes löyly.
Looking at known good and simple natural ventilation solutions for sauna cabins, the following are tested and tried:
Semi-open floor: wood planks have 10 mm gaps between them so fresh air is received from underneath the floor
Inlets/outlets in walls, very close to floor. Similar effect as with the floor but also possible when the floor is solid. Preferable several ones facing different directions that can be closed
Underground buried air duct, inlet with metal casing raising above and next to the stove
Generally, the fresh air should be retrieved from the outside rather than from the room next to the sauna room. The mixing works best if you can pull in the air relatively high in the sauna room, just above the stove’s top level. The trick is in preventing this inlet from turning into an outlet…
Mechanical ventilation
Going into the domain of HVAC (heating, ventilation, air conditioning), mechanical ventilation refers to systems that circulate air inside buildings through sometimes complicated ducts, heat exchangers, dampers, and fans. Fresh air supply is drawn from the outside of the building and blown inside. The circulation is completed with the help of exhaust that sucks out the “used” air.
The same system is commonly utilized in Finnish modern detached houses. To succeed, the sauna supply and extract air vents must be placed smartly to support the special requirements of Finnish sauna practice.
Luckily, here we can rely on some research conducted in 1990’s at the Finnish technical research institute VTT (reference in Finnish: Äikäs & Holmberg, 1992. VTT Report 1431). They ran a series of experiments with a tiny sauna cabin to figure out the optimal placing for supply and return vents.
The recommended configuration for fresh and exhaust air ducts is quite straightforward. Fresh air should flow in above the stove, preferably not in the ceiling but closer to stove (e.g. 50 cm, or 2’). Return vent should be located below the level of the “feet bench”. Additionally, the sauna should be equipped with an exhaust vent in the ceiling that can be opened after sauna bathing to remove hot and damp air from the top of the room. This should be closed before heating up and using the sauna again. See the illustration below:
This should be quite simple to implement. The exhaust part may require a special solution. In Finland, a telescopic, aluminum “sauna duct” is often used behind the sauna paneling to extend the duct running above the ceiling to the level needed closer to the floor.
Mechanical sauna ventilation gets trickier to implement if your sauna room is too big to operate with a single vent (or so small that it tends to get drafty). Also if your mechanically ventilated sauna is running a wood-burning stove, things get complicated. Typical mechanical ventilation cannot provide an adequate air supply for the wood burning stove and a parallel, natural supply must be arranged one way or the other.
I recommend that your mechanical ventilation should have an adjustable volume. This can be tricky with small houses that commonly have a single machine running the whole ventilation and air conditioning system. But if you can accommodate this wish, you should definitely do it. Adjustable ventilation provides flexibility to tune the system just so that the sauna and the settings feel the best.
Solving the mixing problem selectively
There is a possibility of dealing with the mixing problem separately from the fresh air problem. A sauna concept known as the convection sauna in Finland does this, although very few Finns even know of about it. The convection, or air circulation sauna, operates by capturing hot air and löyly from the ceiling level to then blowing it back to the room on the floor level. This quickly equalizes temperature differences and provides a unique experience of löyly in your toes!
This solution has been developed to assist permanently disabled people to enjoy sauna, but a recent innovation from a company called Saunum makes it available also for the rest of the sauna loving people at a reasonable price.